13 research outputs found

    Jeux stratégiques de marché dans le modèle à générations imbriquées, le modèle “achat ou vente”

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    Cet article étend l’analyse des jeux stratégiques de marché au modèle à générations imbriquées? Nous considérons une économie avec un bien et de la monnaie de crédit où les stratégies des agents sont du type “achat ou vente”. Nous montrons que l’existence d’un équilibre stationnaire non autarcique dépend du degré de concurrence sur les marchés

    THE IMPACT OF STORAGE CONDITIONS ON THE FOREST BIOMASS QUALITY FOR BIOFUELS PRODUCTION

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    Biomass quality is an essential parameter for the production of biofuels both by thermal ways (gasification, pyrolysis, torrefaction, etc) or biochemical ways (enzymatic hydrolysis and yeast saccharification). Storage is one of the most important parameters to be taken in account in the logistics chains of biomass supply for biofuel conversion sites. Morever, some benefits in terms of biomass quality can be obtained by storing biomass prior transportation or usage. In this case, storage can be considered as a pre-treatment of biomass for biofuel production. In this project, we have studied the evolution of biomass quality of different wooden resources (softwoods and hardwoods; short/very-short rotation coppices and residues of forest exploitation) stored under different conditions : seasons (spring/summer or autumn/winter), sites (forest roadside and storage platforms; uncovered and covered; under water sprinkling). Two locations were also tested, one in Bordeaux area (southwest of France) and the second in Dijon area (northeast of France). Different piles of approximately 10 m3 (2.5 to 3.5 tons of wood chips) were constituted for each modality. Samples were taken from two different levels of the piles at different intervals of storage (0 to 6 months). The following biomass quality parameters were followed : moisture content, elemental (C, H, O, N, S, Cl) and chemical (extractives, lignin, polysaccharides – cellulose and hemicelluloses, C5 and C6 sugars contents) composition; heating value; ash content, fusibility behaviour and composition. The results obtained indicated that the conditions of storage strongly influence the biomass quality, especially for the thermal conversion. The type of initial raw material (softwoods or hardwoods / short/very-short rotation coppices and residues of forest exploitation) are also of major importance, especially if the biomass material is stored with or without leaves. In that way, the season aspect becomes very important. Water sprinkling is an interesting way to remove certain compounds, such ash constituents or extractives, partially responsible for tar formation. On the other way, in this case a compulsory drying step is needed and a careful energy balance is needed in order to evaluate the pertinence or not of this technology. Concerning the biochemical conversion, no major differences were observed for the mono/polysaccharides contents. However, the removal of certain elements/substances could impact the enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation for bioethanol production

    Equilibres moétaires du jeu stratégique de marché dans le modèle à générations imbriquées

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    This paper develops a dynamic model of general imperfect competition by embedding the Shapley-Shubik model of market games into an overlapping generations framework. We consider an economy with j ? 1 goods and N ? 2 agents. We show that the conditions for a non autarcic, symmetric and stationary equilibrium are equivalent to the conditions of a simple static optimization problem. We show that a non autarcic equilibrium exists if the market powers are not too high. This model gives a very clear framework to study relations between imperfect competition equilibrium and competitive equilibrium in a dynamic context. For example, in a one-good economy, we show that one can apply the tools of the studies of the non stationary competitive equilibrium to analyse the imperfect competition equilibrium.

    Thoughts on the profitability of short and very short rotation coppice cycles with eucalyptus and poplar

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    Based on the experience of the FCBA institute of technology in the area of short rotation coppice (SRC) of poplar and eucalyptus and French and foreign technical reference material in the area of very short rotation coppice (VSRC), we were able to identify and estimate four standard scenarios for these two species ranging from the lowest densities (SRC 1,000 stems/ ha) to the highest densities (VSRC for 10,000 stems/ha). Each planting density is associated with a given rotation time that varies from 2 to 10 years. The cost for these scenarios was reconstructed and compared to the cost of harvesting and the average sales price for the chips produced. With this data, a tentative assessment of the profitability of the SRC and VSRC scenarios was made. The results show that for these two species the profitability level for coppice increases the longer the harvesting cycles. The overall profitability for coppicing schemes appears to be moderate. Nonetheless, for players on the biomass market (industry, landowners and farmers) the return on investment in SRC / VSRC varies considerably. Profitability is achieved in practically every scenario depending on who implements it.À partir de l’expérience de l’institut technologique FCBA en matière de taillis à courte rotation (TCR) de Peuplier et d’Eucalyptus et de références techniques françaises et étrangères en matière de taillis à très courte rotation (TTCR), nous avons identifié et chiffré, pour ces deux espèces, 4 scénarios types allant des densités les plus faibles (TCR de 1 000 tiges/ha) aux densités les plus élevées (TTCR de 10 000 tiges/ha). À chaque densité de plantation correspond une durée de rotation qui varie de 2 à 10 ans. Le coût de ces scénarios a été reconstitué, puis confronté à un coût de récolte et à un prix de vente moyen de la plaquette produite. Ces données ont permis de construire une première approche de la rentabilité économique des scénarios TCR et TTCR. Les résultats montrent que, pour les deux espèces considérées, le niveau de rentabilité des taillis augmente avec l’allongement des cycles de récolte. Le niveau de rentabilité des projets de taillis semble modeste. Néanmoins, pour les acteurs en présence sur le marché de la biomasse : industriels, propriétaires terriens et agriculteurs, la rentabilité de l’investissement en TCR-TTCR varie considérablement. Quasiment chaque itinéraire de TCR-TTCR trouve une rentabilité suivant l’acteur qui le met en oeuvre

    From costs associated with forest multifunctionality and regulations to a “forest for people”

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    La multifonctionnalité des forêts entraîne des contraintes et des coûts pour les professionnels de la filière qui valorisent la production de bois (propriétaire, gestionnaire, exploitant et ETF). Ces coûts sont directs (respect des réglementations...), indirects (perte d’opportunité...), de transaction (recherche d’information...) mais aussi générés par la désorganisation de la production issue d’aléa (promeneur « grincheux »). Le retour d’expériences de professionnels de la filière consultés permet d’objectiver certains de ces coûts. Ainsi, les procédures réglementaires mobilisent jusqu’à 20% du temps des opérateurs de la récolte. Les autres coûts sont individuellement faibles mais leur somme est non négligeable. Le contexte de plus en plus contraint de l’exploitation forestière exacerbe alors leurs impacts. En fin d’article, des propositions sont formulées pour équilibrer la réglementation et renforcer la collaboration entre acteurs dans une perspective de gestion durable.Forest multifunctionality produces constraints and costs for foresters and forest-based professionals who add value to wood production (owners, managers, farmers and logging companies). These costs are direct (compliance with regulations), indirect (opportunity cost), transaction costs (seeking information, etc.) but they are also costs generated by the disorganisation of production as a result of unforeseen events (“grumpy” hiker). Feedback from professionals in the industry is helpful in putting a figure to some of those costs. For instance, procedures required by regulations take up to 20% of harvest operators’ time. The other costs taken singly are low but when added up are by no means negligible. Growing legal demands on forestry compounds the effects of these constraints. At the end of the article, the authors offer some suggestions to balance regulations and strengthen cooperation between actors in a sustainable management perspective

    Biodiversity Protection in Private Forests: PES Schemes, Institutions and Prosocial Behavior

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    International audienceThe overall research question addresses the effectiveness of incentive mechanisms in poli -cies that enhance private forest owners’ biodiversity protection. In particular, the paper focuses on the link between forest owners’ motivations, incentives, and institutions, and questions the incentives of the current biodiversity protection policies. Our hypothesis is that the purely monetary nature of the incentives can cause a “crowding out effect”, i.e., forest owners may reduce their voluntary contribution to biodiversity protection that is driven by prosocial motivations (altruism, self-image, etc.). With this in mind, as well as the knowledge acquired via this project about forest owners’ motivations, we looked for the most effective combinations of “incentive mechanisms” (monetary and non-monetary) and “institutions” (national and local authorities, NGOs, etc.) to encourage forest owners to adopt biodiversity protection measures in their forests

    Le processus d'innovation technologique en sylviculture - Exemple des outils mécaniques de préparation du sol avant plantation

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    International audienceUn changement de pratiques sylvicoles s’impose pour assurer le renouvellement des forêts face aux changements globaux présents et à venir.C’est d’autant plus vrai avec la plantation qui doit subir des printemps au climat très contrasté. Assurer le transfert aux praticiens et propriétaires est essentiel pour garantir leur réussite

    Bioenergetic properties of forest biomass for producing second-generation biofuels

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    Second-generation liquid fuels are now at the development stage that precedes their industrial implementation. They offer significant market opportunities for French lignocellulosic resources both from forests and crops. Those resources are limited and it is important to avoid competing against food crops or destabilising the sectors that already operate. It is therefore essential for the actors in research on these resources and processes to work in partnership and produce a common response to these issues. The REGIX project has provided an assessment of the suitability of various types of forests and cultivated biomass to the needs of processes for producing second-generation biofuels via biochemical and thermochemical processes. This article provides an overview of this approach for four classes of forest biomass: short and very short rotation coppice (SRC and VSRC), wood chips from hardwoods and from softwoods. The results show that these classes are very well-suited to most of the specifications for these processes, but a number of drawbacks were also noted, in particular for VSRC.Les carburants liquides de deuxième génération sont actuellement dans une phase de développement préalable à leur déploiement industriel. Ils offrent d’importantes perspectives de débouchés pour les ressources lignocellulosiques françaises, tant forestières qu’agricoles. Celles-ci étant limitées, il est nécessaire d’éviter non seulement la compétition avec la production agricole à vocation alimentaire, mais aussi la déstabilisation des filières déjà en place. Il apparaît donc indispensable que les acteurs de la recherche sur les ressources et les procédés travaillent en partenariat pour essayer de répondre ensemble à cette problématique. Le projet REGIX a permis d’évaluer l’adéquation de différents types de biomasse agricole et forestière aux besoins des procédés d’obtention de biocarburants de deuxième génération par les voies biochimique et thermochimique. Dans cet article, un aperçu de cette approche est donné pour quatre classes de biomasse forestière : taillis à courte et à très courte rotation (TCR et TTCR), plaquettes forestières de feuillus et de résineux. Les résultats démontrent une bonne adéquation de ces classes pour la plupart des spécifications des procédés, mais quelques inconvénients ont été également relevés, en particulier dans le cas des TTCR
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